On average, over 9 liters of water enter the small intestine each day. Name accessory organs and exocrine glands that secrete product through a duct to the outside of the body. Name the different regions of the large intestine. Chemical digestion of proteins does not begin until they reach the stomach, where they encounter the enzyme pepsin. Chemical digestion of carbohydrates resumes in the small intestine, where polysaccharides and oligosaccharides encounter pancreatic amylase. The mucosa folds into projections called villi, each villus consists of a layer of enterocytes surrounding a central core of blood capillaries and a lymphatic vessel called a lacteal. Pancreatic juice consists of water and multiple digestive enzymes and other proteins. The chyme is released into the duodenum through the pylorus, which is a small valve located between the stomach and the duodenum. It is the initial portion of the small intestine, connecting the distal end (i.e. Swallowing or deglutition is a specialized type of propulsion that pushes a bolus of food from the oral cavity through the pharynx and esophagus to the stomach. The most potent stimulus for bile production and release is bile itself, specifically bile salts. The small bowel, which is about 20 to 25 feet long, performs a variety of functions. Both divisions are lined with stratified squamous epithelium to protect them from abrasion by food. The internal surface of the small intestine contains three progressively smaller types of folds. What are both the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx lined with? The anatomy of the three segments of the small intestine … What does bile secretion occur in response to? Once nutrients are digested into component molecules, what must they do? Motility takes several forms, including swallowing, churning, peristalsis, and defecation. Lipids are not delivered directly to the liver via the hepatic portal vein after absorption, rather the hepatic portal vein delivers the leftover bile salts to where to do what? There are multiple brush border enzymes that catalyze the digestion of oligopeptides into free amino acids. Of these three divisions, only the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are part of the alimentary canal. There are three pairs of salivary glands, all of which secrete saliva through ducts into the oral cavity. The small intestine is made up of thee sections, including the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. The duodenum is the proximal section of the small intestine which receives the acidic chyme from the stomach. What are the four main types of cells in gastric glands each of which secrete a different product? The different regions of the large intestines are: cecum with vermiform appendix, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid), rectum, and anal canal. Nerve clusters of the enteric nervous system referred to as the submucosal plexus, or Meissner's plexus, regulates secreton and blood flow to this area. What about the internal and sphincters? There, the primary work of amylase continues, with the enzyme breaking down complex carbohydrates. What do they consist of? released by duodenal cells in response to acid and lipids in the duodenum. How does fructose cross the apical enterocyte membrane? What does the common bile duct join to form what? This sphincter prevents the contents of the stomach from re-entering the esophagus. What is the primary function of the pharynx? The innermost mucosa, which faces the lumen, consists of these components: lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, and regenerative epithelial cells. The jejunum lies between the duodenum and the ileum. What are some other functions of the digestive system? What do parasympathetic neurons cause smooth muscle in the sigmoid colon and rectum to do? What is the muscularis externa of the large intestine gather into? What two main types of motility does it exhibit? Cholecystokinin. Peristaltic waves move the bolus down the esophagus to the stomach. What does the alimentary canal absorb large quantities of? The esophageal mucosa, lined with stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium, contains esophageal glands which secrete mucus to lubricate the bolus as it passes through the esophagus. What do they consist of? Two mesenteries—the greater omentum and lesser omentum—are especially prominent. by what process? Bile release is stimulated by CCK, which triggers contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of the gallbladder, causing the gallbladder to release bile into cystic duct which joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. Nonpolar lipids tend to stick together, forming large globules rather than distributing evenly in a water-based solution. Lipids are not delivered directly to the liver via the hepatic portal vein after absorption. The ileocecal valve is a sphincter that controls the movement of materials from the ileum into the cecum and prevents materials in the large intestine from flowing backward into the ileum. When does pancreatic secretion occur? The final enzymes to act on proteins are associated with the enterocytes. The primary function of the pharynx is propulsion in the form of swallowing, during which the bolus passes through the pharynx and into the esophagus. Chyme is the mixture of stomach acid and swallowed food. Circular folds involve both the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine, which increase surface area. Impulses from the cerebral cortex trigger relaxation of the external anal sphincter and contraction of the levator ani muscle. What regulates blood flow and secretion to the submucosa? to take food into the body and break it down into its component nutrients so that they can be used by body cells. List the three functions of the lymphatic system. The duodenum can be divided into four parts: superior, descending, inferior and ascending.Together these parts form a ‘C’ shape, that is around … Where does digestion begin with the help of salivary amylase which does what? Where do these organs secrete their products? Parasympathetic neurons cause smooth muscle in the sigmoid colon and rectum to contract, and the internal anal sphincter to relax. Carry fluid leaked out from bloodstream back to the blood. The liver's main digestive function is to produce bile, a liquid that contains multiple components, including water, electrolytes, and organic compounds. The first pancreatic enzyme to become activated is the precursor trypsinogen, which becomes the active enzyme trypsin, when it encounters enzymes on the intestinal brush border. The Gastrointestinal Tract: The gastrointestinal tract is a system of different organs that serves as a major part of the digestive system, helping to digest food and expel waste. Describe the primary functions of the esophagus. What is the hepatopancreatic surrounded by that control the emptying of bile and pancreatic fluids into the duodenum? What does the constant tension of the muscularis externa of the large intestine's constant tension do? describe the second way lipid globules are broken down into smaller particles. Where does chemical digestion of carbohydrates resume? Digestion begins in the mouth with the help of salivary amylase from the salivary glands, which catalyzes the reactions that break long polysaccharides into shorter oligosaccharides. What controls the voluntary, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases? Hepatic arterioles and portal venules both drain into large, leaky capillaries, called hepatic sinusoids that pass between rows of hepatocytes. 1. The Duodenum. what do impulses from the cerebral cortex trigger? The 6-meter-long (almost 20-foot) small intestine, or small bowel, is the longest portion of the alimentary canal. The majority of protein digestion takes place in the small intestine with the help of pancreatic enzymes and brush border enzymes. The mucosa of the stomach is heavily indented to form deep structures called gastric pits. What are the organs of the digestive system extensively supplied with? Describe the job of the gastroesophageal sphincter. The duodenum's function is to accept chyme from the stomach and complete the digestion of food. Bile flows through where, from where, and eventually drains into what? When mass movements force fecal material into the normally empty rectum, it initiates the parasympathetic-mediated defecation reflex. Saliva moistens, lubricates, and cleanses the oral mucosa. Lipid globules can be broken up into smaller particles in what two ways? Summarize the gross anatomy of the stomach. At the esophagus' inferior end, the gastroesophageal sphincter regulates the passage of the bolus into the stomach. What is the primary function of the “Hatchery” and the “Conditioning Center?” It is to insure that the right number of people are available to keep the state running in the fashion the government wants.
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