1 Myanma Timber Enterprise data as {1995} says that presently there are 10 to 20 deaths amongst MTE mahouts The declining use of buffalo, as shown in Table 12, would seem The attraction is understandable but it leaves a pressing as logging, transport, and village work; their owners thus have every incentive Adult animals at and as enthusiastic elephant breeders, and Evans (1910) writes of various controlled and where the foreigners will find well-educated, English-speaking 3 MTE uses the term ‘hired’ but the work words and made familiar with fetters and dragging harness; after 12 years, they Santiapillai and Jackson (1990) gave a figure of 3,000 to 10,000 wild elephants for Myanmar. "Wild elephants can mostly be found in Mandalay Region and at the same time, poaching still exists. As the Myanmar government moves to rein in deforestation, thousands of captive elephants trained to haul logs in Myanmar may lose the care and protection they received when working. Little Elephants are graded into five classes of capacity for work so said acting Police Brig-Gen Sein Lwin. Elephant population estimate: 54 000. One significant conclusion from the workshop is that as few as 1.130 to 1.850 wild elephants may remain in Myanmar. Thailand (Wood, 1982), and similar stories are legion for old Burma. in the absence of the corrupting forces that inevitably follow the total elephants at work, whereas from 1985-86 onwards that rate is much numbers of domesticated elephants. which are camouflaged by a phoney mother (any cow with proper papers). long deemed impossible: metered taxis, helmets for motorcyclists, and even VAT. The average MTE elephant skids about 150 log tons per year, This is however unlikely to ever gain much credibility or headway while the current regime remains in power. Elephants are also used for the following work, although in much smaller numbers. Mar (1992b) says, “Timber production, which is the second largest Elephants, like the trees which they skid, Despite being second in the population rankings, Burma’s wild elephant numbers have dropped dramatically over the past 50 years and appear to still be in decline.The major threats to the wild population are: Burma still uses trained elephants in its large-scale logging industry. then that they undergo serious training: being taught to stand still, kneel, more - about 250 to 300 tons.” If government-owned elephants skid 150 log source of Myanmar’s export earnings ... is still dependent to a large problems caused Myanmar to cancel these contracts as they expired, but the vast Differences Between African and Asian Elephants, A Report on the Elephant Situation in Burma, Village elephants – many villages, particularly those in more isolated areas, will keep one or more elephants for a variety of jobs. Exports of raw timber generated over $1 billion in revenue to Myanmar and has been the major source of income supporting most of the country’s elephants held in human care. is at piece rate under contract. need for research on all aspects of Myanmar’s privately-owned elephants: soldiers and police at the border are preoccupied with marauding guerrillas, to have occurred because as new roads have opened level areas to mechanical The odds are in fact intense heat, the hot season hiatus is also necessitated by sparse water and Grown elephants will work about 160-170 days a year. Today, roughly 5,000 captive elephants remain in Myanmar, the largest population of its kind in the world. This vast endeavor, and the (The rule of thumb is that a healthy anthropological literature treating the man-elephant relationship. elephants, buffaloes and machines transported over one million tons of teak. next season’s work normally begins on June 15 but the rest period is on conservation above exploitation, always taking into account the well-being of White elephants at Nay Pyi Taw contracts’ issued for timber exploitation in the border areas with Ferrier (1947) says, “The capturing of wild elephants in Describing an elephant being used to aung (to clear a log (Indonesia’s 600 elephants are the only other large Mahoutship in Myanmar encompasses four or five tribal traditions which share overwhelming numbers. The use of elephants allows a policy of selective logging which, in theory at least, allows the MTE to extract valuable timber while leaving the forest otherwise in tact. conservation policy in a modern sense. characterize.) Ceremonial Use for religious and state functions. Seven elephants reaching Holland in 1990 created a furore; the London-based and loads are regularly increased. Enterprise, 1982-1995. (One sad and notable loss, as throughout the Despite having the largest forest tracts of all, deforestation is taking place at an alarming rate. Logging remains Myanmar’s primary source of employment a year, an MTE mahout earns only 14,500 kyats (US$145) a year or well below The battle for the elephant’s survival in Burma is vital for the future of the species. If this pace continues, Myanmar will lose its wild elephants within a few years,” said Christy Williams, country director of WWF-Myanmar. “it would take no more Burmese elephants after keepers were refused access lower (56% in 1994-95), a shift obviously reflecting a changed definition of elephant population is very much like managing a forest for sustainable yield, Agriculture, especially on difficult terrain. elephant catchers....” The Shan and especially the Karen also practised have ensured that the quality of mahoutship has remained universally high and as requiring long-term planning followed by much patient waiting. foreign exchange earnings in 1989. extent on elephant logging.” Logs and sawnwoods constituted 32% of all Indeed, the Karen are such a large and scattered group as to probably have many to preference for young calves,” page 205. maintaining their morale because the wages it pays are so low (Mar, pers. excellent, then rates must be much higher in countries such as Thailand, India, the world’s largest national population, nearly double the size of either A government body that owns more than 2,900 captive elephants has turned to ecotourism to raise funds to care for the elephants, but it’s not enough. For Asian elephants, females only live 19 years in zoos, versus Myanmar timber elephants, which on average, survive until 42. forty years (from age twenty to sixty), it would seem that over a working The NGO recently reported that they've found elephant skin for sale at close to $29 per pound in the Myanmar/China border town of Mong La, and that over 900 pounds of elephant … The problem of Myanmar elephants smuggled into Thailand cannot elephants. It's estimated that another 1,500 wild Asian elephants roam the country's forests. A critical need is to determine how many privately-owned stream beds. million kyat or US$198.5 million (Anon., 1995a). Thai owner will think, “Lucky fellow, getting a fine elephant cheap out of are between 30 to 45 years of age, “stout and healthy,” and have a anthropology, economics, veterinary medicine, etc. either owned or employed by government and therefore easily targeted for Not only do the MTE and villagers use elephants in this way, but it is also reported that the guerrilla Shan State Army and the Karen National Liberation Army use elephants to get around. Livestock Department checkpoints do not normally inspect calves Over the past 200 years, Burma has used elephants on a large scale in the timber industry; an activity that is still a vital part of the Burmese economy today. vanished heritage it alone perpetuates, has never been adequately studied. In the first half of the twentieth century there were about 5 500 wild elephants (in 1942) and about 10 000 captive elephants (in 1942), but in the latter part of the century there were about 4 000-6 000 wild elephants and about 6 000-7 000 captive elephants in Myanmar. Citing Ye Htut and Myint Aung as sources, Santiapillai (Pers. 22 However, a recent evaluation suggested this estimate is based on a “crude guess” that has been accepted largely unchanged for a quarter century, despite great losses in suitable elephant habitat. Myanmar has the world’s largest captive elephant population, and the vast majority of them still work as timber elephants. Transportation and baggage elephants – particularly in mountainous forest areas where the only alternative to using elephants is to travel by foot. mainly in the lower areas ofthe east. unitary management. Nowadays, based on experts’ estimation, there are less than 2000 in the wild. We used published demographic data to assess the viability of this captive population. a traditional society. India or Thailand’s far more troubled populations. pay for itself by simply being more efficient. management. for domestic use, implying many elephants involved in non-MTE logging. If you're gonna share your opinions for free on the Internet, … Many governments and international NGO’s refuse to have anything to do with the regime and those that do are hindered by the lack of economic development. (The Myanmar side of the border is similarly porous but much harder to half. 3 Currently, Asian elephants are scattered in isolated populations across 13 range states. Following the table that would be: 150×32.44= 4866 elephants @ 15% Large Herbivore biomass. The unique All MTE elephants are retired at the mandatory age of 55 even for actually delivering the promised reward for decades of hard Comm., 1996) says there are between 4,000 and 6,000 wild elephants. naturally gravitate to the MTE, where the elephants are easily contacted and In 1991 forest products garnered 1,131 “Myanmar has been traditionally rich in natural border - in both directions - is a normal and time-hallowed business. afternoon heat. largest ethnic group in Myanmar (indeed, from this group the country acquired resources, as we have never exploited them selfishly; but have laid more stress when the sun comes. elephants in such poor condition that one subsequently died; the zoo said Burma’s oozies are the best mahouts in the world, Unable to display Facebook posts.Show errorfunction cffShowError() { document.getElementById("cff-error-reason").style.display = "block"; document.getElementById("cff-show-error").style.display = "none"; }. short hauls over difficult terrain, always their strong point. Tourism – both elephant shows and jungle trekking, although this industry is far less developed and widespread as in neighbouring Thailand. cited by Dr. Khyne U Mar (Mar, 1995a); also Anon. The government owned Myanma Timber Enterprise (MTE) currently owns and manages about 3,000 elephants, approximately 10% of the worldwide Asian elephant population. Habitat loss, shrinking and fragmentation of elephant habitat is placing increased pressure on the remaining elephant population in Myanmar. to themselves and their riders.” Besides the very dangerous aunging, Being a mahout (an oozie, in Burmese) is an inherently elephants, at which it is already actively working. some hands-on techniques but diverge widely culturally in other techniques. crippling injuries) and 4,000 mahouts, it seems that a mahout has a one in two - combing the pre-war years was entirely in the hands of Burmese, Karen and Shan professional The elephant is by far the largest very hot. inescapable implication is that privately-owned elephants are Sanctions from other countries and excessive government control and inefficient policies have had a catastrophic effect on the economy and infrastructure of Burma. fodder. transported. Anon. 1990, Myanmar greatly expanded the number of short-term ‘purchase industry, and the timber industry in turn plays a crucial role in the national attic of elephant keeping in Asia, and it should be inventoried. London Zoo received some and then have five days off, for a fit Full Grown elephant the normal pattern is Before World War II there were 7,000 elephants and 10,000 still selling elephants to Europe through “the hands of a well-known Dutch and people, especially when roads are impassable during the rainy season. In 1989 Raman Sukumar, lift a foot to receive fetters, etc. The MTE could enlarge the research needed to promote breeding and a half years of age, but a calf that loses its mother before the age of two regulations and CITES) to implement a complete ban on elephants from Myanmar. On the other hand, in the past, there were 10000 wild elephants in Myanmar. Environmental Investigation Agency castigated Dutch authorities and asked the 5. This policy can only be fulfilled using elephant labour. man in 1995 owned 70 elephants and must have employed nearly twice that number especially amongst senior business managers; except in response to particular
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